Adobe photoshop cc classroom in a book by Andrés Arenas – Issuu

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Adobe Photoshop Cc Release Classroom In A Book: Andrew Faulkner & Conrad Chavez: Books $ Read with Our Free App; Paperback. eBooks Adobe Photoshop Lightroom CC ( release) / Lightroom 6 Classroom in a Book are penned for various explanations. To complete the lessons in this book, you\’ll need to have both Adobe Photoshop CC ( release) and Adobe Bridge CC installed. Installing Adobe.
 
 

Adobe photoshop cc 2015 release classroom in a book pdf free. Adobe photoshop cc classroom in a book 2015

 

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Learn more how customers reviews work on Amazon. Continue to trace the mussel until you arrive back at the starting point of your selection near the left end of the image. Click the starting point of the selection, and then release Alt or Option.

The mussel is now entirely selected. Leave the mussel selected for the next exercise. Note To make sure that the selection is the shape you want when you use the Lasso tool, end the selection by dragging across the starting point of the selection. If you start and stop the selection at different points, Photoshop draws a straight line between the start and end points of the selection.

Before you begin, make sure that the mussel is still selected. The mussel and selection marquee are enclosed in a bounding box. Move the pointer outside the bounding box so that it becomes a curved, doubleheaded arrow. Drag to rotate the mussel to a degree angle. You can verify the angle in the Rotate box in the options bar.

Press Enter or Return to commit the transformation. If necessary, select the Move tool and drag to reposition the mussel, leaving a shadow to match the others. Selecting with the Magnetic Lasso tool You can use the Magnetic Lasso tool to make freehand selections of areas with highcontrast edges. When you draw with the Magnetic Lasso tool, the selection border automatically snaps to the edge between areas of contrast.

You can also control the selection path by occasionally clicking the mouse to place anchor points in the selection border. Select the Magnetic Lasso tool , hidden under the Lasso tool. Click once along the left edge of the nautilus, and then move the Magnetic Lasso tool along the edge to trace its outline.

Tip In low-contrast areas, you may want to click to place your own fastening points. You can add as many as you need. To remove the most recent fastening point, press Delete, and then move the mouse back to the remaining fastening point and continue selecting. When you reach the left side of the nautilus again, double-click to return the Magnetic Lasso tool to the starting point, closing the selection.

Or you can move the Magnetic Lasso tool over the starting point and click once. Double-click the Hand tool to fit the image in the image window. Make sure that you can see the entire screw head in your image window. Select the Elliptical Marquee tool in the Tools panel.

Move the pointer to the approximate center of the screw. Click and begin dragging. Then, without releasing the mouse button, press Alt Windows or Option Mac OS as you continue dragging the selection to the outer edge of the screw. The selection is centered over its starting point. When you have the entire screw head selected, release the mouse button first, and then release Alt or Option and the Shift key if you used it.

Tip To select a perfect circle, press Shift as you drag. Hold down Shift while dragging the Rectangular Marquee tool to select a perfect square. If necessary, reposition the selection border using one of the methods you learned earlier. If you accidentally released the Alt or Option key before you released the. Before you begin, make sure that the screw is still selected. Select the Move tool in the Tools panel. Position the pointer within the screw selection.

The pointer becomes an arrow with a pair of scissors , indicating that dragging the selection will cut it from its current location and move it to the new location. Drag the screw onto the lower right corner of the shadowbox. A bounding box appears around the selection.

Then press Enter or Return to commit the change and remove the transformation bounding box. As you resize the object, the selection marquee resizes, too. Use the Move tool to reposition the screw after resizing it, so that it is centered in the corner of the shadowbox frame.

Moving and duplicating a selection simultaneously You can move and duplicate a selection at the same time. If the screw is no longer selected, reselect it now, using the techniques you learned earlier.

The pointer changes, displaying the usual black arrow and an additional white arrow, which indicates that a duplicate will be made when you move the selection. Continue holding down the Alt or Option key as you drag a duplicate of the screw straight up to the top right corner of the frame.

Pressing the Shift key as you move a selection constrains the movement horizontally or vertically in degree increments. Repeat step 3 to drag a fourth screw to the lower left corner of the frame. Copying selections You can use the Move tool to copy selections as you drag them within or between images, or you can copy and move selections using the Copy, Copy Merged, Paste, and Paste Into commands.

Dragging with the Move tool saves memory, because the clipboard is not used as it is with the commands. The source selection is pasted onto a new layer, and the destination selection border is converted into a layer mask. Keep in mind that when a selection is pasted between images with different resolutions, the pasted data retains its pixel dimensions. This can make the pasted portion appear out of proportion to the new image.

Use the Image Size command to make the source and destination images the same resolution before copying and pasting. Select the Crop tool , or press C to switch from the current tool to the Crop tool. Photoshop displays a crop boundary around the entire image. In the options bar, make sure Ratio is selected in the Preset pop-up menu and that there are no ratio values specified.

Then confirm that Delete Cropped Pixels is selected. When Ratio is selected but no ratio values are specified, you can crop the image with any proportions.

Drag the crop handles so that the shadowbox is in the highlighted area, omitting the backgrounds from the original objects at the bottom of the image. Tip To crop an image with its original proportions intact, choose Original Ratio from the Preset pop-up menu in the options bar. The shadowbox is complete!

How do you add to and subtract from a selection? What does the Quick Selection tool do? How does the Magic Wand tool determine which areas of an image to select? What is tolerance, and how does it affect a selection? Only the area within an active selection can be edited. To add to a selection, click the Add To Selection button in the options bar, and then click the area you want to add.

To subtract from a selection, click the Subtract From Selection button in the options bar, and then click the area you want to subtract. You can also add to a selection by pressing Shift as you drag or click; to subtract, press Alt Windows or Option Mac OS as you drag or click. The Quick Selection tool expands outward from where you click to automatically find and follow defined edges in the image.

The Magic Wand tool selects adjacent pixels based on their similarity in color. The Tolerance value determines how many color tones the Magic Wand tool will select.

The higher the tolerance setting, the more tones are selected. This lesson will take less than an hour to complete. In Photoshop, you can isolate different parts of an image on layers.

Each layer can then be edited as discrete artwork, giving you tremendous flexibility as you compose and revise an image. About layers Every Photoshop file contains one or more layers. New files are generally created with a background layer, which contains a color or an image that shows through the transparent areas of subsequent layers. All new layers in an image are transparent until you add text or artwork pixel values.

Working with layers is analogous to placing portions of a drawing on clear sheets of film, such as those viewed with an overhead projector: Individual sheets may be edited, repositioned, and deleted without affecting the other sheets.

When the sheets are stacked, the entire composition is visible. When prompted, click Yes to delete the Adobe Photoshop Settings file. Then double-click the Lesson04 folder in the Content panel to see its contents. Study the 04End. This layered composite represents a postcard. You will create it in this lesson as you learn how to create, edit, and manage layers.

Double-click the 04Start. Saving another version of the start file frees you to make changes without worrying about overwriting the original. Using the Layers panel The Layers panel lists all the layers in an image, displaying the layer names and thumbnails of the content on each layer. You can use the Layers panel to hide, view, reposition, delete, rename, and merge layers. The layer thumbnails are automatically updated as you edit the layers. The Layers panel lists five layers for the 04Working.

If you click the eye, the image window no longer displays that layer. The first task for this project is to add a photo of the beach to the postcard.

Tip Use the context menu to hide or resize the layer thumbnail. Right-click Windows or Control-click Mac OS a thumbnail in the Layers panel to open the context menu, and then choose a thumbnail size. The Layers panel changes to display the layer information for the active Beach. Notice that only one layer appears in the Beach.

About the background layer When you create a new image with a white or colored background, the bottom layer in the Layers panel is named Background. An image can have only one background layer. You cannot change the stacking order of a background layer, its blending mode, or its opacity. You can, however, convert a background layer to a regular layer.

To convert a background layer into a regular layer: 1. Click the lock icon next to the layer name. Rename the layer. To convert a regular layer into a background layer: 1. Select a layer in the Layers panel. Renaming and copying a layer To add content to an image and simultaneously create a new layer for it, drag an object or layer from one file into the image window of another file. Whether you drag from the image window of the original file or from its Layers panel, only the active layer is reproduced in the destination file.

Before you begin, make sure that both the 04Working. Keep the layer selected. Photoshop displays both of the open image files. Select the Beach. Select the Move tool , and use it to drag the Beach. Tip If you hold down Shift as you drag an image from one file into another, the dragged image automatically centers itself in the target image window. The Beach layer now appears in the 04Working.

Photoshop always adds new layers directly above the selected layer; you selected the Background layer earlier. Tip Need images for a project like this one? If you purchase the images, Photoshop replaces the placeholders with high-resolution images.

Viewing individual layers The 04Working. Some of the layers are visible and some are hidden. The eye icon next to a layer thumbnail in the Layers panel indicates that the layer is visible. Click the eye icon next to the Pineapple layer to hide the image of the pineapple. Select the Beach layer. To select the layer, click the layer name in the Layers panel. The layer is highlighted, indicating that it is active. Changes you make in the image window affect the active layer.

To make the opaque areas on this layer more obvious, hide all layers except the Beach layer: Press Alt Windows or Option Mac OS as you click the eye icon next to the Beach layer.

The white background and other objects in the image disappear, leaving only the beach image against a checkerboard background. The checkerboard indicates transparent areas of the active layer. The Layer Style dialog box opens.

Rearranging layers The order in which the layers of an image are organized is called the stacking order. The stacking order determines how the image is viewed—you can change the order to make certain parts of the image appear in front of or behind other layers. The beach image is almost entirely blocked by images on other layers. Changing the opacity of a layer You can reduce the opacity of any layer to reveal the layers below it. In this case, the postmark is too dark on the flower.

Select the Postage layer, and then click the arrow next to the Opacity field to display the Opacity slider. You can also type 25 in the Opacity box or scrub the Opacity label. Notice that the change in opacity affects only the image area of the Postage layer. Duplicating a layer and changing the blending mode You can apply different blending modes to a layer.

Blending modes affect how the color pixels on one layer blend with pixels on the layers underneath. Currently, the blending mode for both layers is Normal. Right-click or Control-click the Pineapple layer, and choose Duplicate Layer from the context menu. Click OK in the Duplicate Layer dialog box. Blending modes Blending modes affect how the color pixels on one layer blend with pixels on the layers beneath them. The default blending mode, Normal, hides pixels beneath the top layer unless the top layer is partially or completely transparent.

Each of the other blending modes let you control the way the pixels in the layers interact with each other. Often, the best way to see how a blending mode affects your image is simply to try it. You can easily experiment with different blending modes in the Layers panel, applying one after another to compare the effects. As you begin experimenting, keep in mind how different groups of blending modes affect an image.

Patterns or colors overlay the existing pixels while preserving the highlights and shadows of the underlying layers. With the Pineapple copy layer selected, choose Overlay from the Blending Modes menu in the Layers panel.

The Overlay blending mode blends the Pineapple copy layer with the Pineapple layer beneath it to create a vibrant, more colorful pineapple with deeper shadows and brighter highlights. Select the Postage layer, and choose Multiply from the Blending Modes menu.

The Multiply blending mode multiplies the colors in the underlying layers with the color in the top layer. In this case, the postmark becomes a little stronger. Resizing and rotating layers You can resize and transform layers.

Click the Visibility column on the Beach layer to make the layer visible. A Transform bounding box appears around the beach image. The bounding box has handles on each corner and each side. Press Shift as you drag a corner handle inward to scale the beach photo down by. Watch the Width and Height percentages in the options bar. With the bounding box still active, position the pointer just outside one of the corner handles until it becomes a curved double arrow.

Drag clockwise to rotate the beach image approximately 15 degrees. You can also enter 15 in the Set Rotation box in the options bar. Click the Commit Transform button in the options bar. Make the Flower layer visible. Then, select the Move tool , and drag the beach photo so that its corner is tucked neatly beneath the flower, as in the illustration. Adding empty layers to a file is comparable to adding blank sheets of film to a stack of images. In the Layers panel, select the Background layer to make it active, and then click the Create A New Layer button at the bottom of the Layers panel.

A new layer, named Layer 1, appears between the Background and Pineapple layers. The layer has no content, so it has no effect on the image. Double-click the name Layer 1, type Clouds, and press Enter or Return to rename the layer.

In the Tools panel, click the foreground color swatch, select a sky blue color from the Color Picker, and click OK. The Background Color remains white. Dragging to add a new layer You can add a layer to an image by dragging an image file from the desktop, Bridge, or Explorer Windows or the Finder Mac OS. In Photoshop, select the Pineapple copy layer in the Layers panel to make it the active layer. Then navigate to the Lesson04 folder.

Select Flower2. The Flower2 layer appears in the Layers panel, directly above the Pineapple copy layer. Photoshop places the image as a Smart Object, which is a layer you can edit without making permanent changes. Tip You can drag images from a Bridge window to Photoshop as easily as you can drag from the Windows or Mac desktop. Position the Flower2 layer in the lower left corner of the postcard, so that about half of the top flower is visible. Then click the Commit Any Current Edits button in the options bar.

This layer is at the top of the layer stack. Note If you make a mistake when you click to set the type, simply click away from the type and repeat step 4. Applying a gradient to a layer You can apply a color gradient to all or part of a layer. In the Tools panel, select the Gradient tool. The text has been rasterized.

The Background Color should still be white. In the options bar, make sure that Linear Gradient is selected. Tip To list the gradient options by name rather than by sample, click the menu button in the gradient picker, and choose either Small List or Large List. Or, hover the pointer over a thumbnail until a tool tip appears, showing the gradient name. In the options bar, click the arrow next to the Gradient Editor box to open the Gradient Picker.

With the selection still active, drag the Gradient tool from the bottom to the top of the letters. If you want to be sure you drag straight up, press the Shift key as you drag. The gradient extends across the type, starting with orange at the bottom and gradually blending to white at the top. Applying a layer style You can enhance a layer by adding a shadow, stroke, satin sheen, or other special effect from a collection of automated and editable layer styles.

These styles are easy to apply, and they link directly to the layer you specify. Like layers, layer styles can be hidden by clicking eye icons in the Layers panel. Layer styles are nondestructive, so you can edit or remove them at any time. You can apply a copy of a layer style to a different layer by dragging the effect onto the destination layer.

Earlier, you used a layer style to add a stroke to the beach photo. In the Layer Style dialog box, make sure that the Preview option is selected, and then, if necessary, move the dialog box so that you can see the Island Paradise text in the image window.

Tip You can also open the Layer Style dialog box by clicking the Add A Layer Style button at the bottom of the Layers panel and then choosing a layer style, such as Bevel And Emboss, from the pop-up menu. If you set a lighting angle in one of these effects, every other effect with Use Global Light selected inherits the same angle setting.

Angle determines the lighting angle at which the effect is applied to the layer. Distance determines the offset distance for a shadow or satin effect. Spread determines how. Size determines how far the shadow extends. Click OK to accept the settings and close the Layer Style dialog box. Photoshop nests the layer style in the Island Paradise layer. First it lists Effects, and then the layer styles applied to the layer.

An eye icon appears next to the effect category and next to each effect. To turn off an effect, click its eye icon. Click the visibility column again to restore the effect. To hide all layer styles, click the eye icon next to Effects.

To collapse the list of effects, click the arrow next to the layer. Make sure that eye icons appear for both items nested in the Island Paradise layer.

Blending effects Blending layers in a different order or on different groups changes the effect. You can apply a blending mode to an entire layer group and get a very different result than if you apply the same blending mode to each of the layers individually.

When a blending mode is applied to a group, Photoshop treats the group as a single merged object and then applies the blending mode. Experiment with blending modes to get the effect you want. Do not click OK.

With the Layer Style dialog box still open, click the word Satin on the left to select it and display its options.

The Satin layer effect applies interior shading to create a satiny finish. The contour controls the shape of the effect; Invert flips the contour curve. Using an effect more than once in a layer style A great way to add visual impact to a design element is to apply multiple instances of effects such as strokes, glows, or shadows.

Open 04End. Now for the fun part! You can adjust your second drop shadow to change options such as color, size, and opacity. In the Drop Shadow options, click the color swatch, move the pointer outside the Layer Style dialog box so that the pointer changes into an eyedropper, and click the bottom flower to sample its pink color.

Then match the Drop Shadow settings as shown below, and click OK. Click OK to apply both layer styles. Adding an adjustment layer Adjustment layers can be added to an image to apply color and tonal adjustments without permanently changing the pixel values in the image. For example, if you add a Color Balance adjustment layer to an image, you can experiment with different colors repeatedly, because the change occurs only on the adjustment layer.

If you decide to return to the original pixel values, you can hide or delete the adjustment layer. Select the Flower2 layer in the Layers panel. The effect is interesting, but you want to change only the Flower2 layer. Note Be sure to click the layer name, not the thumbnail, to see the appropriate context menu. An arrow appears in the Layers panel, indicating that the adjustment layer applies only to the Flower2 layer. Updating layer effects Layer effects are automatically updated when you make changes to a layer.

You can edit the text and watch how the layer effect tracks the change. Select the Island Paradise layer in the Layers panel. In the options bar, set the font size to 32 points, and press Enter or Return. Tip You can search for layers in the Layers panel by layer type, layer name, effect, mode, attribute, and color. As you edit the text, the layer styles are applied to the new text. Adding a border The Hawaii postcard is nearly done. The elements are almost all arranged correctly in the composition.

Select the Postage layer, and then use the Move tool to drag it to the middle. A pixel border is selected around the entire image. Double-click the Layer 1 name in the Layers panel, and rename the layer Border. Flattening and saving files When you finish editing all the layers in your image, you can merge or flatten layers to reduce the file size. Flattening combines all the layers into a single background layer.

To appreciate what flattening does, notice the two numbers for the file size in the status bar at the bottom of the image window. The first number represents what the file size would be if you flattened the image. The second number represents the file size without flattening. This lesson file, if flattened, would be 2—3MB, but the current file is much larger. So flattening is well worth it in this case. Note If the sizes do not appear in the status bar, click the status bar pop-up menu arrow, and choose Document Sizes.

In the Duplicate Image dialog box, name the file 04Flat. Leave the 04Flat. Choose Flatten Image from the Layers panel menu. Only one layer, named Background, remains in the Layers panel. You have saved two versions of the file: a one-layer, flattened copy as well as the original file, in which all the layers remain intact.

This lesson only begins to explore the vast possibilities and the flexibility you gain when you master the art of using Photoshop layers.

About layer comps Layer comps provide one-click flexibility in switching between different views of a multilayered image file.

A layer comp is simply a definition of the settings in the Layers panel. Then, by switching from one layer comp to another, you can quickly review the two designs. The beauty of layer comps becomes apparent when you want to demonstrate a number of possible design arrangements. You might have the French text on one layer, and the English text on another in the same image file. To create two different layer comps, you would simply turn on visibility for the French layer and turn off visibility for the English layer, and then click the Create New Layer Comp button in the Layer Comps panel.

To view the different layer comps, click the Layer Comp box for each comp in the Layer Comps panel in turn. Layer comps can be an especially valuable feature when the design is in flux or when you need to create multiple versions of the same image file. If some aspects need to stay consistent among layer comps, you can change the visibility, position, or appearance of one layer in a layer comp and then sync it to see that change reflected in all the other layer comps.

Merging photos Take the blinking and bad poses out of an otherwise great family portrait with the Auto-Align Layers feature. Open FamilyPhoto. In the Layers panel, turn Layer 2 on and off to see the two similar photos.

When both layers are visible, Layer 2 shows the tall man in the center blinking, and the two girls in the front looking away. Make both layers visible, and Shift-click to select them. Toggle the eye icon next to Layer 2 off and on to see that the layers are perfectly aligned. Select the Eraser tool in the Tools panel, and pick a soft, pixel brush in the options bar. Use the Eraser tool on the two girls looking away, revealing the image below, where they look into the camera.

What is the advantage of using layers? When you create a new layer, where does it appear in the Layers panel stack? How can you make artwork on one layer appear in front of artwork on another layer? How can you apply a layer style?

Layers let you move and edit different parts of an image as discrete objects. You can also hide individual layers as you work on other layers. A new layer always appears immediately above the active layer. To minimize file size, you can flatten the image, which merges all the layers onto a single background.

Sometimes just one or two clicks in Photoshop can turn an image from so-so or worse to awesome. Quick fixes get you the results you want without a lot of fuss. Getting started Not every image requires a complicated makeover using advanced features in Photoshop. Photoshop gives you the tools to make quick changes to a snapshot. Fortunately, red eye is easy to fix in Photoshop. In the Favorites panel in Bridge, click the Lessons folder.

Then, in the Content panel, double-click the Lesson05 folder to open it. Adjust the thumbnail slider, if necessary, so that you can see the thumbnail previews clearly. Not only does red eye make an ordinary person or animal appear sinister, but it can distract from the subject of the image. The Darken Amount specifies how dark the pupil should be.

The red reflection disappears. If the red reflection is directly over the pupil, clicking the pupil removes it. However, if the red reflection is slightly off the pupil, try clicking the highlight in the eye first. Sometimes the best option is to try them all and see which one you like best. Click Curves in the Adjustments panel. Click Auto to see what Photoshop applies. The image brightens. That brightens the image nicely, and also improves the contrast.

Save the file, and then close it. The snapshot is ready to share. Blurring a background The interactive blurs in the Blur Gallery let you customize a blur as you preview it on your image. In the final image, the egret appears sharper, as its reflection and the grass around it have been blurred. Iris Blur, one of the interactive blurs in the Blur Gallery, makes the task an easy one—no masking required. Photoshop opens the image. A blur ellipse is centered on your image.

You can adjust the location and scope of the blur by moving the center pin, feather handles, and ellipse handles. Click the ellipse, and drag inward to tighten the focus around the bird. Center B. Ellipse C. Feather handle D. Focus Pressing Alt or Option lets you drag each handle separately. Click and drag on the focus ring to reduce the amount of blur to 5 px, creating a. You can also change the amount of blur by moving the Blur slider in the Iris Blur area of the Blur Tools panel.

Click OK in the options bar to apply the blur. The blur may be a little too subtle. Double-click the Blur Gallery in the Egret layer in the Layers panel to open it again. Adjust the blur to 6 px, and click OK in the options bar to apply it. Because you applied the filter to a Smart Object, you can hide it or edit it without affecting the original image. Extended embed settings. You have already flagged this document. Thank you, for helping us keep this platform clean.

The editors will have a look at it as soon as possible. Self publishing. Share Embed Flag. TAGS adobe photoshop classroom download ebook digital editions conrad photographers registration. You also want an ePaper? His work with Adobe Systems started in , when they invited him to help develop the first Adobe Classroom in a Book. His recent digital painting work can be seen online at www.

 

Adobe photoshop cc 2015 release classroom in a book pdf free

 
Published Aug 25, by Adobe Press. eBook (Watermarked). Your Price: $; List Price: $; Includes EPUB, MOBI, and PDF. Download a free sampler of concise and helpful tips from our upcoming and best-selling Adobe CC ( release) Photoshop and InDesign books (7 replace.me). May 9 Adobe InDesign CC Classroom in a Book. ( release) from Adobe Press. The 16 project-based lessons in this book show. File Type PDF Adobe CC.

 
 

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In an article, Jennifer Schuessler writes, \”The machine, Brown argued, would allow readers to adjust the type size, avoid paper cuts and save trees, all while hastening the day when words could be \’recorded directly on the palpitating ether. Schuessler correlates it with a DJ spinning bits of old songs to create a beat or an entirely new song, as opposed to just a remix of a familiar song. The inventor of the first e-book is not widely agreed upon.

Some notable candidates include the following:. The first e-book may be the Index Thomisticus , a heavily annotated electronic index to the works of Thomas Aquinas , prepared by Roberto Busa , S. However, this work is sometimes omitted; perhaps because the digitized text was a means for studying written texts and developing linguistic concordances, rather than as a published edition in its own right.

Her idea was to create a device which would decrease the number of books that her pupils carried to school. The final device was planned to include audio recordings, a magnifying glass, a calculator and an electric light for night reading. All these systems also provided extensive hyperlinking , graphics, and other capabilities.

Van Dam is generally thought to have coined the term \”electronic book\”, [18] [19] and it was established enough to use in an article title by FRESS was used for reading extensive primary texts online, as well as for annotation and online discussions in several courses, including English Poetry and Biochemistry. Thus in the Preface to Person and Object he writes \”The book would not have been completed without the epoch-making File Retrieval and Editing System Despite the extensive earlier history, several publications report Michael S.

Hart as the inventor of the e-book. Seeking a worthy use of this resource, he created his first electronic document by typing the United States Declaration of Independence into a computer in plain text. After Hart first adapted the U. Declaration of Independence into an electronic document in , Project Gutenberg was launched to create electronic copies of more texts, especially books.

Department of Defense began concept development for a portable electronic delivery device for technical maintenance information called project PEAM, the Portable Electronic Aid for Maintenance.

Four prototypes were produced and delivered for testing in , and tests were completed in The final summary report was produced in by the U. Peter Kincaid. Harkins and Stephen H. Morriss as inventors. In , Sony launched the Data Discman , an electronic book reader that could read e-books that were stored on CDs. One of the electronic publications that could be played on the Data Discman was called The Library of the Future. The scope of the subject matter of these e-books included technical manuals for hardware, manufacturing techniques, and other subjects.

In , Paul Baim released a freeware HyperCard stack, called EBook, that allowed easy import of any text file to create a pageable version similar to an electronic paperback book. A notable feature was automatic tracking of the last page read so that on returning to the \’book\’ you were taken back to where you had previously left off reading.

The title of this stack may have been the first instance of the term \’ebook\’ used in the modern context. As e-book formats emerged and proliferated, [ citation needed ] some garnered support from major software companies, such as Adobe with its PDF format that was introduced in Different e-reader devices followed different formats, most of them accepting books in only one or a few formats, thereby fragmenting the e-book market even more. Due to the exclusiveness and limited readerships of e-books, the fractured market of independent publishers and specialty authors lacked consensus regarding a standard for packaging and selling e-books.

Meanwhile, scholars formed the Text Encoding Initiative , which developed consensus guidelines for encoding books and other materials of scholarly interest for a variety of analytic uses as well as reading, and countless literary and other works have been developed using the TEI approach.

In the late s, a consortium formed to develop the Open eBook format as a way for authors and publishers to provide a single source-document which many book-reading software and hardware platforms could handle. Focused on portability, Open eBook as defined required subsets of XHTML and CSS ; a set of multimedia formats others could be used, but there must also be a fallback in one of the required formats , and an XML schema for a \”manifest\”, to list the components of a given e-book, identify a table of contents, cover art, and so on.

Google Books has converted many public domain works to this open format. In , e-books continued to gain in their own specialist and underground markets.

Unofficial and occasionally unauthorized catalogs of books became available on the web, and sites devoted to e-books began disseminating information about e-books to the public. Consumer e-book publishing market are controlled by the \”Big Five\”. In , libraries began offering free downloadable popular fiction and non-fiction e-books to the public, launching an e-book lending model that worked much more successfully for public libraries. The U. National Library of Medicine has for many years provided PubMed , a comprehensive bibliography of medical literature.

In early , NLM set up the PubMed Central repository, which stores full-text e-book versions of many medical journal articles and books, through cooperation with scholars and publishers in the field. Pubmed Central also now provides archiving and access to over 4. Despite the widespread adoption of e-books, some publishers and authors have not endorsed the concept of electronic publishing , citing issues with user demand, copyright infringement and challenges with proprietary devices and systems.

This survey found significant barriers to conducting interlibrary loan for e-books. Mellon Foundation. Although the demand for e-book services in libraries has grown in the first two decades of the 21st century, difficulties keep libraries from providing some e-books to clients.

When a library purchases an e-book license, the cost is at least three times what it would be for a personal consumer. However, some studies have found the opposite effect to be true for example, Hilton and Wikey The Internet Archive and Open Library offer more than six million fully accessible public domain e-books. Project Gutenberg has over 52, freely available public domain e-books.

An e-reader , also called an e-book reader or e-book device , is a mobile electronic device that is designed primarily for the purpose of reading e-books and digital periodicals. An e-reader is similar in form, but more limited in purpose than a tablet.

In comparison to tablets, many e-readers are better than tablets for reading because they are more portable, have better readability in sunlight and have longer battery life. Until late , use of an e-reader was not allowed on airplanes during takeoff and landing by the FAA.

Some of the major book retailers and multiple third-party developers offer free and in some third-party cases, premium paid e-reader software applications apps for the Mac and PC computers as well as for Android, Blackberry, iPad, iPhone, Windows Phone and Palm OS devices to allow the reading of e-books and other documents independently of dedicated e-book devices.

Writers and publishers have many formats to choose from when publishing e-books. Each format has advantages and disadvantages. The most popular e-readers [] and their natively supported formats are shown below:. Most e-book publishers do not warn their customers about the possible implications of the digital rights management tied to their products. Generally, they claim that digital rights management is meant to prevent illegal copying of the e-book. However, in many cases, it is also possible that digital rights management will result in the complete denial of access by the purchaser to the e-book.

The first major publisher to omit DRM was Tor Books , one of the largest publishers of science fiction and fantasy, in Some e-books are produced simultaneously with the production of a printed format, as described in electronic publishing , though in many instances they may not be put on sale until later.

Often, e-books are produced from pre-existing hard-copy books, generally by document scanning , sometimes with the use of robotic book scanners , having the technology to quickly scan books without damaging the original print edition. Scanning a book produces a set of image files, which may additionally be converted into text format by an OCR program. Sometimes only the electronic version of a book is produced by the publisher. It is also possible to convert an electronic book to a printed book by print on demand.

However, these are exceptions as tradition dictates that a book be launched in the print format and later if the author wishes an electronic version is produced. The New York Times keeps a list of best-selling e-books, for both fiction [] and non-fiction. All of the e-readers and reading apps are capable of tracking e-book reading data, and the data could contain which e-books users open, how long the users spend reading each e-book and how much of each e-book is finished. Some of the results were that only In the space that a comparably sized physical book takes up, an e-reader can contain thousands of e-books, limited only by its memory capacity.

Depending on the device, an e-book may be readable in low light or even total darkness. Many e-readers have a built-in light source, can enlarge or change fonts, use text-to-speech software to read the text aloud for visually impaired, elderly or dyslexic people or just for convenience.

Printed books use three times more raw materials and 78 times more water to produce when compared to e-books. Depending on possible digital rights management , e-books unlike physical books can be backed up and recovered in the case of loss or damage to the device on which they are stored, a new copy can be downloaded without incurring an additional cost from the distributor.

Readers can synchronize their reading location, highlights and bookmarks across several devices. There may be a lack of privacy for the user\’s e-book reading activities; for example, Amazon knows the user\’s identity, what the user is reading, whether the user has finished the book, what page the user is on, how long the user has spent on each page, and which passages the user may have highlighted.

Joe Queenan has written about the pros and cons of e-books:. Electronic books are ideal for people who value the information contained in them, or who have vision problems, or who like to read on the subway, or who do not want other people to see how they are amusing themselves, or who have storage and clutter issues, but they are useless for people who are engaged in an intense, lifelong love affair with books.

Books that we can touch; books that we can smell; books that we can depend on. Apart from all the emotional and habitual aspects, there are also some readability and usability issues that need to be addressed by publishers and software developers. Many e-book readers who complain about eyestrain, lack of overview and distractions could be helped if they could use a more suitable device or a more user-friendly reading application, but when they buy or borrow a DRM-protected e-book, they often have to read the book on the default device or application, even if it has insufficient functionality.

While a paper book is vulnerable to various threats, including water damage, mold and theft, e-books files may be corrupted, deleted or otherwise lost as well as pirated. Where the ownership of a paper book is fairly straightforward albeit subject to restrictions on renting or copying pages, depending on the book , the purchaser of an e-book\’s digital file has conditional access with the possible loss of access to the e-book due to digital rights management provisions, copyright issues, the provider\’s business failing or possibly if the user\’s credit card expired.

According to the Association of American Publishers annual report, ebooks accounted for The Wischenbart Report estimates the e-book market share to be 4. The Brazilian e-book market is only emerging.

Brazilians are technology savvy, and that attitude is shared by the government. In , the growth was slower, and Brazil had 3. Public domain books are those whose copyrights have expired, meaning they can be copied, edited, and sold freely without restrictions.

Books in other formats may be converted to an e-reader-compatible format using e-book writing software, for example Calibre. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Book-length publication in digital form.

See also: Comparison of e-book formats. Main article: E-reader. See also: Comparison of e-book readers and Comparison of e-book software. Main article: Comparison of e-book formats. See also: Book scanning. Main article: Public domain. The Oxford Companion to the Book. Oxford: Oxford University Press, , p. Oxford Dictionaries. April Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on February 4, Retrieved May 26, Retrieved August 28, The Times of India.

Archived from the original on May 17, Retrieved May 6, Archived from the original on August 7, Pew Research. Retrieved July 24, The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 25, Medieval Studies and the Computer. City: Elsevier Science. ISBN OCLC The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 4, Retrieved September 30, SINC in Spanish. Retrieved May 15, Motion graphics are always needed in the motion pictures and video industry Videos are the future.

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